http://calc3.askbot.com/questions/Open source question and answer forum written in Python and DjangoenCopyright Askbot, 2010-2011.Tue, 08 Jul 2014 05:49:53 -0500http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/This is from a few days ago, but I am curious how one would prove this. Exercise 13.2.8 reads: > Suppose that $\left|\textbf{r}(t) \right| = k$, for some constant $k$. This means that $ \textbf{r} $ describes some path on the sphere of radius $k$ with center at the origin. Show that $ \textbf{r} $ is perpendicular to $\textbf{r}'$ at every point. Hint: Use Theorem 13.2.5, part (d). Theorem 13.2.5 part (d) states: > $$\frac{d}{dt} (\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{s}(t)) = \textbf{r}'(t) \cdot \textbf{s}(t) + \textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{s}'(t) $$ I'm just not sure where to begin. If someone could give me a starting point, I would really appreciate it! Wed, 02 Jul 2014 14:33:18 -0500http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/?answer=58#post-id-58Taking a stab at this one... What if we use Th. 13.2.5 part d as follows by using vector functions and allowing k to be the radius since that is what the problem tells us. Does the following show what we want, or am I missing any elements? This is also allowing one of the planes to be zero. $$\frac{d}{dt} r(t) \cdot r(t) = \langle k\cos(t), k\sin(t)\rangle \cdot \langle k\cos(t) , k\sin(t)\rangle$$ $$= \langle k\cos(t), k\sin(t)\rangle \cdot \langle -k\sin(t), k\cos(t) \rangle + \langle k\cos(t) , k\sin(t) \rangle \cdot \langle -k\sin(t) , k\cos(t) \rangle$$ $$= -k^2 \cos(t) \sin(t) + k^2 \sin(t) \cos(t) - k^2 \cos(t) \sin(t) + k^2 \sin(t) \cos(t)$$ Here we can see the answer is zero! What do you think? **Clarification Added** What I wanted to say was that even though the answer is zero, it also shows that the dot product of $\vec{r}$ and $ \vec{r '}$ is zero...$$= \large[\small-k^2 \cos(t) \sin(t) + k^2 \sin(t) \cos(t)\large]\small + \large[\small - k^2 \cos(t) \sin(t) + k^2 \sin(t) \cos(t)\large]$$Wed, 02 Jul 2014 18:26:11 -0500http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/?answer=58#post-id-58http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/?answer=61#post-id-61This is a hard one, so here's my answer. Suppose that $\textbf{r}(t)$ is a vector valued function of constant magnitude. I'm going to compute $$\frac{d}{dt} (\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}(t))$$ in two ways. First, the dot product rule states that $$ \frac{d}{dt} (\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}(t)) = \textbf{r}'(t) \cdot \textbf{r}(t) + \textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}'(t) = 2 \; \textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}'(t). $$ On the other hand, since $\textbf{r}(t)$ has constant magnitude, we know that $\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}(t) = \||\textbf{r}(t)\||^2$ is constant. Thus, $$\frac{d}{dt} (\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}(t)) = 0.$$ As result, these two computations must be equal so we have $$2 \; \textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}'(t) = 0,$$ which only happens if $$\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}'(t) = 0.$$ **Examples** The standard example $\textbf{r}(t) = \langle \cos(t), \sin(t) \rangle$, which satisfies $\||\textbf{r}(t)\||=1$. Since, $\textbf{r}'(t) = \langle -\sin(t), \cos(t) \rangle$, it's easy to see that $\textbf{r}(t) \cdot \textbf{r}'(t)=0$. Geometrically, this states that the velocity vector of uniform circular motion is perpendicular to the position vector, which only makes all the sense in the world.  It's important to realize, though, that the theorem is much more general than that. The motion need not be uniform at all.  The motion could even be in 3D along a sphere.Tue, 08 Jul 2014 05:49:53 -0500http://calc3.askbot.com/question/56/showing-perpendicularity-at-every-point/?answer=61#post-id-61